1. 
INTERCULTURAL AND INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE

‚Pluralism within Basic Unity‘
A conference organized by EAWRE and ARP&M responded to current challenges. Goslar 2002
Reflections by Gabriele Tscherpel, Ulf Gutowski, Herbert Schultze and Wim Westerman
REPORT

INTERKULTURELLLER UND INTERRELIGIÖSER DIALOG
„Pluralismus innerhalb vorgegebener Einheit“
Eine von EAWRE und ARPM organisierte Tagung antwortet
aktuellen Herausforderungen.
Goslar 2002
Überlegunngen von Gabriele Tscherpel, Ulf Gutowski, Herbert Schultze und Wim Westerman
BERICHT

2.
OPENNESS AND RECONCILIATION

Experiences and Perspectives in Dealing with Religions
The 2002 Annual General Meeting and Conference of the European Association for World Religions in Education (EAWRE), held in the Orthodox Academy of Crete, 26 February - 1 March
Report

3
.
W.Westerman & H. Schultze
DAS PROJEKT „MELINA - BILDUNG UND KULTUR“ UND DER EUROPÄISCHE UNTERRICHT ÜBER WELTRELIGIONEN

4
.  
H.Schultze: Struggle in the Inner Existence Space
Summary of a lecture delivered at EAWRE’s 2002 AGM, Crete

5.
Drs. Wim E.Westerman: The Situation of Islam in Dutch Society and Schools
               Summary of a lecture delivered at EAWRE’s 2001 AGM, in Bergen/Norway

6.
Dr. H. Schultze: Shoa Education - Important Developments 2000/2001
               Summary of a lecture delivered at EAWRE’s 2001 AGM, in Bergen/Norway

7.
Presentation of Peace Education Standing Commission

8.

Report on two conferences in Sweden by Prof. Dr. Kjell Härenstam:

               Euro-Islam. Stockholm, 15-17 June 1995
               Stockholm International Forum of the Holocaust, 26 - 28 Jan. 2000

 

Report on two conferences in Sweden:
1.Euro-Islam. Stockholm, 15-17 June 1995
2.The Stockholm International Forum of the Holocaust, 26 - 28 Jan. 2000

I had the privilege to be invited to the first of these conferences. The reason was that I had written about Islam in Swedish textbooks for schools. This conference had participants from, first of all, Islamic countries, universities with Islamic studies and representatives from the leading Swedish experts in the field and of the Swedish government. One of EAWRE´s members was also invited, Prof. Smail Balic who had a very interesting speech on the conference. Documentation from this conference was earlier possible to get from The Swedish Institute. I do not know if it is still possible to get this documentation.

The other conference, the one about holocaust, I only followed in TV. I have also got the documentation from it. This can be ordered from the Swedish government office free of charge. But I know that Herbert Schultze knows much more about this conference than I do, so I will say very little about this later one. Herbert will give you a much more substantial information. My comments will be mostly about the debate in Sweden about this conference and the effects on school teaching as far as I know. However one member of my family had a rather close connection to that conference. My son Simon is working as armed guard to get money to his studies and his travels, and when this conference was held he was one of the guards to watch the conference, especially the synagogue, where one was very afraid of terrorist attacks. For me this was a rather nervous conference, but I got a lot of information from my son about the organizational problems around the conference. He also had some opportunity to listen to some of the speeches, and I remember he was rather impressed by many of them.

But back to the first conference, held in a conference resort in the Stockholm archipelago, which is very beautiful in June.

The full name of the conference was:

EURO-ISLAM, a conference on relations between European and Islamic culture and of the position of Muslims in Europe.

The opening session was held rest. Hasselbacken in Skansen, the famous cultural park in Stockholm. A main reason for the conference was that the governments in Europe must deal with a situation where a lot of the citizens in the different European states now are Muslims, I have heard figures around 25 millions.

At the same time there are a lot of prejudices about Islam and this can and does of course create a lot of problems of ethnical and political nature. Sweden for example had then about 200 000 citizens from Islamic countries. Today I think the number is the double. Actually it was not a government conference it was organized by the Swedish Institute. But of course the government played a central role for the conference. Some keynote speeches I found very interesting. I will give some examples. The discussions in the working groups were also very stimulating to take part in. Of course I only could follow some, and this was many years ago, but I will try to give you some memories. Of course mostly I have to rely on the documentation from the conference. Six working groups had to deal with the following issues:

* How can stereotyped scenarios and ideas of mutual threats be prevented?

* How can true exchange of cultures and information be attained?

* What are the lessons of history and contemporary examples?

* Integration or isolation? How can cultural diversity be attained?

* Men, women, and children in Islam

* Religion, democracy and society - a vision of the future.

The conference was opened by Ms Lena Hjelm Wallén, at that time Sweden’s minister of Foreign affairs. During the opening ceremony which was attended by a large audience from the Stockholm diplomatic corps as well as specially invited guests from Swedish society, statements were made by for example following guests:

An envoy of King Hassan of Morocco, as the King at that time was the President of the Organization of Islamic Conference, the vice president of the European Commission, and the secretary of the Arab League and two persons whose speeches impressed me most, Dr. Fatima Mernissi from Morocco and Dr. Mohammed Arkoun, a famous Islamic Algerian scientist, now working as professor in Paris.

In her opening statement our minister of Foreign Affairs reiterated the background of the Swedish initiative to organize the conference. She dealt with the inherent risks of allowing fear and prejudice to grow between Europe and the Muslim world and the danger of allowing extremist groups and politicians to use religion for obscure purposes. In the foreign policy we must prevent the old cold war from being replaced by a concept of tension between Islam and Christianity. She also took up the tragedy of the Balkan conflict and ended her speech with the questions: What can we learn from history, and how can we stop the Balkan tragedy from continuing and being repeated?

The representative of King Hassan of Morocco. said that it was important to focus on the misconceptions that exist between the three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. It is necessary to deal objectively with these issues, with the aim of devising concrete and enduring tools of communication and interaction between Islam and the West. He also referred to the cultural links between Islam and Europe, saying that Islam should not be an issue in Europe. Instead the problem lies in the negative consequences of the colonial periods experienced by the Islamic countries. He also emphasized that one should stop assuming all Muslims to be extremists and that Europeans should show more tolerance and fairness toward Islam.

Next speaker Mr. Manuel Marin, Vice-president of the European Union took up the writings of the well-known Harvard Professor Samuel Huntington, who fears a new confrontation between the western and the Islamic world, and said that this was a regrettable example of a new sort of pessimism. What was now at stake was rebuilding the long-existing links between the two cultures. Concerning the ten million Muslim immigrants in Europe, Mr. Marin said it is now time to view them as Muslim Europeans. One important project would be to improve the way European educational systems impart educational knowledge of Islam. (The project Textbooks on Islam in Europe seems to be very important!) The mass media should aim at a higher level of understanding of Islam.

After him the Secretary-General of the Arab League, described recent international developments, stating that Islam and Muslims have suffered tremendously from the abhorrent behavior of certain extremist groups - behavior which reflects a simplistic perception of the great Islamic tradition of tolerance, coexistence and justice.

The two speakers who impressed me most, was as I said those made by Dr. Fatima Mernissi from Morocco and Prof. Mohammed Arkoun from Paris.

Dr. Fatima Mernissi is a prominent scholar and lecturer in sociology. She presented a statement primarily concerning the situation inside Muslim countries. She claimed that the West had decided to support conservative and backward governments in the Arab world with the aim of maintaining control over their oil production. These governments have also been asked to spend their money on buying armaments in the West in order to support the arms industry.

Among other things she urged the West to refrain from supporting countries that do not offer basic rights to minorities and to women. She also questioned the support provided today by conservative Muslim countries to education programs among immigrants in the West.

I remember that her speech made a strong impact on the audience. I also remember a little episode when I took part in a discussion group headed by Fatima Mernissi. She distributed a little booklet with the title: What men know about women. "Open and read, she said!" When we opened the booklets and all pages were totally white, without print!

The other impressive speaker was Professor Mohammed Arkoun, a prominent Algerian scholar living in Paris. He gave a historic account of the role of Islamic scholars in conveying the cultural legacy of antiquity and the Middle Ages to Europe and the wealth of civilization that Muslims have brought to the West. Europeans should stop claiming superiority in all fields vis-a-vis the Muslim World, he said.

After this opening session at Hasselbacken in Stockholm the conference continued at the Rönneberga Hotel just outside Stockholm. Working groups were organized to address the six main themes of the conference mentioned earlier. We as participants, were free to choose which group we wanted to join. Each group had a Swedish chairman and a Swedish secretary. Keynote speakers were selected for each group.

I will in the following give some examples of the discussions in the groups, especially in the group where I myself took part.

Group 1 had the theme: How can we avoid scenarios of threat?

The keynote-speaker Mr. A. Malouf, a Lebanese author living in Paris, stressed the fact that to a large extent, European culture and civilization are the product of vast Arabian and Muslim influence. Muslim immigrants in the West should not regard themselves as inferior and restricted, bur rather should benefit from not one but two cultures.

In the ensuing discussion, participants noted that feelings of threat are found on several levels: between the West and the Muslim world, within the Islamic sphere as well as between Muslim immigrants in Europe and their host countries. The widely used term "political Islam" was regarded as unclear and unfortunate. Instead, one should differentiate between those who live according to their Muslim faith and those who wield the religion as an instrument of power.

In Group 2 the keynote-speaker Dr. Muhammed Talbi of Tunisia highlighted the theme:

The lessons of history and contemporary examples. History has often been used as a means to justify an end, to provide reasons either to hate each other or to build bridges. Historians bear great responsibility to present an objectively interpreted and factually correct account of events.

In the group debate it was among other things stated that. throughout history, Muslim-Christian relations have been overshadowed by conflict, competition or ridicule. Participants suggested that the use of positive interpretations might lead to better historiography. But this some responded, could be dangerous. Instead it was said to be necessary to stress historical facts. It is also necessary to understand the distinction between tolerance and acceptance. Intolerance should always be combated.

I myself tool part in the discussions in group 3 where the keynote-speaker was Prof. Gilles Kepel of France. This was especially interesting for me as his book, God’s revenge, about fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, was very well known in Sweden. It is also used in academic courses both in religious science and social sciences.

Prof. Kepel highlighted the theme: Integration or isolation? How can cultural diversity be attained? He compared the immigration policies of France and Great Britain. One difference was their perception of citizenship. In the future, it would be necessary to present comprehensive solutions to the problems of integration, especially among young people, he said. He also emphasized the problems of unemployment.

The group examined many examples of the living conditions of Muslims in Europe, including Turks in Germany and various Muslim groups in Sweden. Strategies for the integration of Muslims into European societies were discussed. Institutional reforms were urged to improve chances for Muslim to gain full legal rights. Muslim communities were advised to form workshops in which concrete proposals for action should be worked out and then presented to the appropriate authorities.’

Islam was also discussed as a factor in the resocialization of individuals who have come in conflicts with society.

The theme of group 4 was: Men , women and children in Islam, and the speaker Dr. Salma Sobhan of Bangladesh. She noted that women in Muslim countries today are grappling with issues of legal reform, women’s human rights and interpretation of religious texts, while Muslim communities in the West appear to be abdicating any use of their powers of reasoning. She also regretted the inability of Islam to find mechanisms of development compatible with the needs of modern societies. She said that a desirable society in Islam is one in which principles of equality relate not only to political and property rights, but also to relations between the sexes. She the analyzed several Quranic texts on men and women, drawing the conclusion that there is no foundation for male superiority in the Quran.

The discussion highlighted the fact that conditions for women vary greatly in different Muslin countries as well as within those countries.

It was also stated that fundamentalism in Islam is as frightening to the majority of Muslims as it is to the people in the West. The flexibility of Islamic thinking during the first centuries after Muhammad was contrasted to today’s rigidity. Many regimes in the Muslim world use religion as an instrument to keep political control. This had a deep impact on the roles of men and women.

Of course a lot of the time was used to informal contacts and I especially remembered a discussion with a Swedish Muslim, saying that he wanted to organize the secular Muslims in Sweden. The representatives of the Islamic traditions, he said, are far too often belonging to rather traditional Islamic groups.

We also made a nice boat excursion in the beautiful Stockholm archipelago, a nice opportunity, to meet interesting people under informal circumstances.

There was also a concluding session with a lot of speeches one different topics. I will only mention some of them. For example Mr. Baginda of Malaysia analyzed possible conflict between Islam and the West and described successful attempts in his country to establish a balance between religious and ethnic groups. He cited the similarities between Islam and Christianity as a positive factor in this process.

I will also remember some words from sheik Muhammad Yacobi from Syria, who has been, and I think still is, working as an imam in Gothebourgh.

This man has my admiration for a very special reason. When Komeiniy´s fatwa against Salman Rushdie was reported in Swedish news media, he made an interview in the Gothenburgh-Post, a rather big newspaper in Sweden, where he stated that it is heresy, shirk, to say that it is allowed to kill a person in the name of Allah just because of what this person has written.

In his conference speech he rejected both the idea of Westernizing Islam and Islamizising the West. What is needed is a reform in Islam that will allow Muslims to integrate in Western countries. If we want to accommodate Muslims in Europe, Muslims need to emancipate their minds from bondage to the past and face the intellectual challenges raised by the West. Here lies the key to regain Islam’s intellectual consciousness and intellectual glory, he concluded.

I will not forget a very interesting speech by our member Smail Balic, who as I earlier said was also a delegate in the conference. I didn’t hear his speech myself, but it can be read in the documentation. His speech had the headline: The Islamic World and Europe. I will quote some passages:

Islam cannot mean submission to the tyranny of history. On the contrary, it means a continuing obligation to order life in any given situation in accordance with the needs of the time and in total submission to God.

"When we speak of tradition as a source of religion" warned the famous Bosnian Islamic Scholar Husein Djozo, " this is for us the way in which Muhammad used to expound and apply Islamic thought, but not its exposition and application per se, in essence. What really matters are the basic intentions, the spirit, the meaning and the ultimate goal of the teaching."

In order to promote this spirit - the Islamic spirit - and achieve the ultimate triumph, I believe two radical changes to be necessary in the Islamic world: raising the general cultural level, and creating social justice. Without these components, conscience and solidarity cannot grow and develop. The conscience of the individual believer and his solidarity with all other human beings are two absolutely mainsprings of interpersonal understanding.


Reactions and mass media reports on  the Islam-conference and the Holocaust-conference.

In the documentation from the conference it is said that reactions of the conference from Muslim countries and Europe were very positive. At least I remember that there was a lot of positive writing in Swedish newspapers, and after that there were considerably more writing about literature from Islamic countries etc. As I am working with teacher’s training, I also remember that the students became more interested in knowledge about Islam. I think this is an effect that still holds. In my profession I am often visiting upper secondary Swedish schools. Earlier students in religion were mostly interested in Hinduism and Buddhism, but after the conference I noted more and more interest in Islam. However this is just my impression. There is no scientific justification for this statement.

As I also should say something about the impact of the second conference last year about Holocaust, I would like to witness that this conference also had a great impact on massmedia and schools in Sweden. I know of several schools that have done study -visits to Auswitch, and I also know that teaching about Holocaust is a frequent theme in History, Social Sciences and Religion. We try to take up this theme in different subjects in teacher’s training. I myself have had good help from Herbert with my own students.

I think this conference also gave a new image in media of our Prime Minister Göran Persson. Often he is described as a very, "bossy" person. His nickname is He Who Decides. But I think this conference is due to his initiative and work. He has also been behind a great project called Living history. The work of this project resulted in a book about holocaust, that was distributed to all Swedish homes libraries, schools etc.

The Swedish title is: Om detta må ni berätta (About this you have to tell).

I think even his political opponents expressed deep respect for his initiative.

I heard his introductory speech in Swedish television, and I really had the feeling that this was not an ordinary political speech but a genuine personal statement. Perhaps I can end my lecture with a quotation from this:

The Holocaust was no accident of history. The systematic murder of the Jews did not happen by chance. Nor the genocide of the Roma. Nor the mass murder of disabled persons and murder of homosexuals and dissidents.

It occurred because people willed it. planned it and carried it through. It occurred because people made choices, which allowed it to happen. It occurred, not least, because people remained silent.

It happened once. It should not have happened, but it did.

It must not happen again, but it could.

That is why education about Holocaust is fundamental

Main source: Euro-Islam, Stockholm, 15 - 17.6. 1995. Documentation ( ed. Lundén T., Boutani S., Lönnback L., Staaf G.) Stockholm 1995

 

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE YEAR 2000/2001 IMPORTANT FOR SHOAH EDUCATION

Summary of a lecture delivered at EAWRE’s AGM, in Bergen/Norway, February 2001
by
Dr. Herbert Schultze

In the year 2000, there were a number of international events which drew our attention, yet again, to to the further development of Shoah education. I will mention only the following:

Arson attacks against synagogues in different countries and the rise of neo Nazi activities in some European regions;

The defeat of David Irving in his libel court case, 11 April 2000;

The first Holocaust Memorial Day in the United Kingdom, 27 January 2001;

Opening of the Holocaust Exhibition in the Imperial war Museum London, August 2000

The Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust, 27-28 January 2000

 

Shoah Education instead of Holocaust Education

I use the term Shoa Education for the following reasons: Shoah is preferred by Jewish writers and speakers. It is focused on, if not reserved for the mass killing of Jews during the Nazi period. The term Holocaust is used for many other forms of disaster, for example: nuclear Holocaust. In using Holocaust instead of Shoa, the uniqueness and incomparability of the Shoa gets lost.

 

Arson attacks against synagogues and a rise of neo-Nazism in Europe

The year 2000 and the first weeks of 2001 saw, in Europe, more neo-Nazi-activities than the years before. Most of the arson attacks took place in East Gemany, but there was also one in Düsseldorf, West Germany, and a spectacular one in Paris. After the latter a march against antisemitism, racism and xenophobia was presided over by President Chirac. Police found that the Düsseldorf attack was carried out by Arabs with an anti-Israel motivation.

Recently groups of right wing extremists have tended to show their motives more publicly than in former decades - their international links have become stronger again. Books and pamphlets distributed in many languages have mixed undifferentiated anti-Zionist propaganda with the glorification of Hitler and the Nazi party and regionally based nationalism. One of the best examples of this is in the Balkans.

Holocaust denial and David Irvings libel case

Week by week eye witnesses of the Shoa die. The world wide movement of revisionists think dawn will come for their purposes. David Irving of London and prominent among the deniers went to court to combat the US historian Deborah Lipstad and Penguin books. He was seeking a judicial decision to prevent Lipstad and Penguin from naming him as a Holocaust denier. Irving lost the case. Mr Justice Gray, in giving his judgement also said that Irving was not only a denier but also antisemit, associate of neo Nazis, supporter of the proclamation of Hitlers ideology etc.

 

The Holocaust exhibition in the Imperial War Museum, London

In August 2000 the Holocaust Exhibition and First Education Centre was opened by Her Majesty The Queen. In a unique way documentary photography, artefacts from the period of Nazi persecution, reconstructions - for example a typical British house of the 1940s, are combined. Video presentations are found in every room, with among others Goebbels‘ Sport Palace speech calling for total war, but the visitor can also hear interviews with and statements of survivors and eyewitnesses. A model of the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp, huge enough to walk along is to be found, as well as the historian Martin Gilbert’s book 'Never again‘.

The first Holocaust Memorial Day in the United Kindom

According to a decision of the British Parliament the first Holocaust memorial Day was celebrated in the U.K. on 27 January 2001. Speeches, exhibitions and other activities were focused on three historical events: the Nazi persecution of European Jewry in the first line, but also the expulsion of the Armenians from Turkey and the massacres in Rwanda. This threefold focus made it possible to draw moral consequences not only for the Germans, but also the British.

The Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust, 27-28 January 2000

The Prime Minister of Sweden had invited worldwide heads of state to this event. He also invited, researchers, contemporary historians, directors of musea, document centres and educational Centres on the Shoah. The final publication on the proceedings, offers the full texts of many messages, reports, statements and reports from workshops and group activities. Other contributions are summarised. Only a few of these articles are the typical political justifications that one may expect - most are exceptionally well done.

The Forum staff of Prime Minister Göran Persson and Eli Wiesel who jointly presided over the event, must have briefed everybody in a sensitive and successful way before they spoke. The collection now available provides an inspiring and encouraging perspective and structure for Shoa Education worldwide. Even institutes like Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, The National Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington and the Holocaust Exhibition in London, mentioned above, were represented in Stockholm

Conclusion

For the future it may be advisable for every Shoah Educational activity to study the events described above. With each coming day there are less Shoa survivors and eyewitnesses to tell their stories. The Stockholm publication in particular makes clear how different things still have to be done in the various countries. But it also teaches us, at the same time, that there are new ways to live in our different circumstances. Looking at history and learning from it on the one hand and, observing current challenges and responding to them are not mutually exclusive alternatives. The wonderful speeches of Gören Persson in that publication are in themselves models of the way we have to go forward worldwide.

 

 

Drs. Wim Westerman

THE SITUATION OF ISLAM IN
THE DUTCH SOCIETY AND SCHOOLS

- A SUMMARY -

* European Christianity cannot ignore Islam since the Dãr al-islãm (House of Islam) in the 8th century reached from India to the Northwest of Africa.

* Although European knights as Charles Martell (732 in Poitiers) battled against Muslims the Islamic culture enriched the European culture tremendously.

* In Central and Eastern Europe the European (basically negative) views on Islam were mainly developed by contacts with the Turkish Ottomans. But Martin Luther declared that 'it is better to be Turkish than popish'.

* The Dutch history shows since ± 1600 a relative positive view on Islam.

* Till those days the information on Islam came as second hand information through Southwest and Eastern Europe to The Netherlands. But then Dutch explorers 'discovered' areas in Northern Africa, the Eastern part of the Mediterrean area, Africa and South Asia (Indonesia!), where they had their first hand contacts with 'strange' religions (especially the Islam).

* Very soon in reaction the Islam and related languages were systematically studied at an academic level for two reasons:

1. The underlying motives for the Dutch world wide explorations were commercial: a search for new markets. It was seen as useful that merchants could understand the cultural and religious backgrounds of the 'natives' they met and could communicate with them. While muslims were first of all met on the trading markets the concept of Islam in The Netherlands was not so negative as it was in Eastern and Southern Europe.

2. Meeting people with a non-Christian background was seen as a danger for the sailors and merchants. They could loose their Christian belief and be converted to other religions.

* Soon theological handbooks were written to warn sailors and merchants for these dangers. Also for calvinistic students in theology from Hungary (close to the Ottoman empire) and other areas who studied in Holland were taught how to cope with Islam. Theologians started with the development of a theologia religionum studying the relation- ship between Christianity and other religions, especially the Islam.

* Initially the theologia religionum considered the Islam as a rational religion. On the one hand the rationality was seen as a positive characteristic, but on the other hand it was seen as a danger, while it could persuade Christians to become a Muslim.

* So the Calvinistic theologia religionum of the 17th and 18th century presented a rather positive concept of Islam but underlined in the end controversies between Islam and Christianity.

* New approaches of the study of Islam started in the second half of the 19th century, when The Netherlands as the colonizing agent of Indonesia tried to find new approaches for the interactions between the Dutch and Indonesian cultures. At first linguistic and juridical approaches dominated. E.g. next to the Dutch legal system the local adat juridical system was systematized and was regognized for official use in the courtrooms. That system recognized the 'native' legal practices, strongly by Islamic traditions.

* The study of Islam in the setting of a theologia religionum restarted only in the 20th century.

* Both approaches (the juridical and the theological) of Islam studies resulted in an extended internationally recognized library on Islam (in distant countries).

* This library was only seldom used for references when at the end of the 20th century many Muslims migrated to The Netherlands from a wide variety of countries and information on Islam was needed.

* Especially when in 1985 information on world religions became a compulsary subject in (primary) education correct and honest information on Islam was urgently needed.

* Then some educational materials were developed and presented abstracts from the old scientific handbooks. This resulted in:

- sometimes outdated information

- information about the Islam in countries far away

- much information on theological views on Islam as a beliefs system

- caricatural information on the daily life of Muslims.

So the information was often not identified by Muslims living in The Netherlands.

* This distortion of the Islam continues till now, mainly in the discours within Liberal political circles, when 'foreign' religions are sketched from the perspectives of the Enlightenment. Because of the separation between state and religious groups the theological perspectives are ignored and Islam is reduced to ethics. Islam is no longer seen as a rational religion. The ethics are seen as conservative and authoritarian. So e.g. it is concluded that Turkey can never become a member of the European Union while this Islamic country did not experience the Enlightenment. Or it is declared that female judges wearing a headscarf are not welcome in any legal court while they show to be not neutral.

* The last 20 years information on Islam became a main and popular item in (religious) education in publicly-run schools as well as in private schools.

(N.B. The Netherlands has a constitutional freedom of education. This led to the situation that about 2/3 of all the schools are private schools, not church schools but often Christian schools founded by groups of Christian parents. If these schools comply with certain legal conditions they are fully subsidized as the publicly-run schools are.)

Especially in secondary schools sometimes the students complain that they hear more about Islam than about other religions as Christianity.

* Based on the constitutional freedom of education the last 20 years more than 50 Islamic primary schools were founded. Till now there is only one Islamic secondary school.

* Most of the Islamic schools in The Netherlands have to fight for their survival. This because of:

- The huge variety of Islamic groups (denominational traditions, home countries, etc.) in the country and their limited willingness to co-operate.

- The shortage of Muslim teachers. (So most teachers, and even most of the principals, in the Islamic schools are no Muslims.)

- The lack of Islamic curriculums and learning materials developed for the Dutch situation.

- The lack of experience of the schoolboards of the Islamic schools.

* Children visiting Islamic schools form only a small percentage of the total number of Muslim children. Most of the Muslim children go to private Christian schools (Protestant either Roman-Catholic) or publicly-funded schools.

* The publicly funded schools (usually founded by local or regional councils) have a long history of discussion on 'neutrality'. In the first half of the 19th century the basic assumption was an uniform school accesible for all Christian denominations, accomodating confessional teachings only beyond the timetable. This school educated for social and Christian virtues. Of course the few Jewish parents objected this school. From relative neutrality the publicly-run schools developed to an absolute neutrality. All information on religious affairs was ignored.

But during the last few decades of the 20th century, when the religious plurality of the nation grew, more and more arguments were raised for an active plurality of these schools: religious backgrounds of the students must not be ignored but students need guidance to develop their own religious identity encountering other religions.

* An actual problem concerning the acceptance of religious plurality is that although the opinion leaders of the publicly-run school system promote the idea of active plurality, most of the teachers have still in mind that their schools have to be neutral or at least passive.

This was clearly illustrated in December 1999 during Ramadan in a secondary school. Two 16 and 17 years old girls asked permission to use during the breaks an empty quiet classroom for praying. The principal refused while indicating that his school is neutral and publicly-run schools have to show the separation between state and religious groups. And he gave as a practical reason for his refusal, that praying in a school building would be too noisy.

* At the same time other (fortunately only a few) publicly-run secondary schools decided to give an Islamic flavour to their Christmas celebrations. So Christmas meals with Turkish or North-African foods were organized and fastening Muslim students were allowed to refrain the meals. At those Christmas parties no information was given on Islam, neither on Christianity or Christmas.

* A rather new development during the Ramadan period is that non-Muslim pupils in secondary schools join their Muslim classmates in fastening. In particular students with a Christian background join the fastening, not for religious reasons, but as a feeling of solidarity. (N.B. Since a few year the number of Christians fastening in the weeks before Easter is growing.) So an influence from the Islamic practice on non-Muslim students can be observed.

(N.B. Also in the linguistic field an influence from 'migrant' pupils on their 'Dutch' classmates can be observed. Turkish and Arab words are more and more common in the general youth language, especially in the big cities with a substantial migrant population.)

* In the private schools, except the Islamic schools, religious education is changing more and more from teaching religion towards teaching about religions and teaching from religions. Still al kinds of approaches of RE can be found in those schools. There are even some examples of inter-religious education where all religious identities are respected and dialogues between represented religions are stimulated.

* Sometimes a symbolic approach is used for this inter-religious education as e.g. was done during a Christmas celebration in a originally Christian secondary school with a majority of Muslim and Hindu students. No information on the Christmas story was given, but there were Muslim, Hindu and Christian prayers to the Almighty and all students burnt a candle as the symbol of light that is respected in all religions.

* Especially celebrations and festival like this are under often under discussion.

* Another point of discussion is the personal religious background of the RE teacher. E.g.: could a RE teacher in a Christian school with more Muslim and Hindu students than Christian students explain his own Christian identity in his lessons while he teaches openly and honestly Islam, Hinduism and other world religions?

Very recently an other situation drew the attention of the national newspapers and television stations. A Muslim RE teacher teaches all the students (Muslims and others) in a Catholic secondary school. He presents religious life in a honest way to the students and tries to avoid any indication that he himself is a Muslim. He cannot understand that there is any problem when teaching about religions instead of teaching religions. The principal is very positive of this way of teaching. A representative of the local bishop said that a Muslim never can present a honest picture of Christianity, so Muslim (RE) teachers are not welcome in Catholic schools.

 

Dr. Herbert Schultze

Struggle in the Inner Existence Space

The New Situation of Islam and of Christianity a Challenge to School Education

‚The new situation in several European countries with large groups of Muslim immigrants makes special demands on schools, particularly in the field of religious education. [.... A project of the Finnish Åbo Akademi University and the English Westhill College in Birmingham from 1979 to 2000 intended] to develop methods for multi-cultural and multi-religious teaching, where the minorities are given a profil and can actually participate in the teaching process. The important thing was that intercultural dialogue came into existence at the school level, which would be perceived in the long run as strengthening individual identity.‘

 

NILS HOLM states this in his preface to the report of a project entitled ‚Understanding Christianity and Islam in Secular Europe‘. If you look at young people in which European country ever you may observe rather secular than religious attitudes. Nevertheless in the secularized society in particular religion can form an important factor determining attitudes and behaviour of young people. This is true for Muslim children and young people in a special sense, but can also be observed with any other group of youth. In describing the present situation HOLM mentions among others:

‚One characteristic of secularization is that the church, or religion, no longer has the same authority in the social machinery that it previously possessed.‘

‚Another part of this picture is that religion has become a private phenomenon. The individual can maintain a religious identity or not, or by and large change religion and church without anyone interfering in the process.‘

‚Another feature of modern society is what is usually referred to as fundamentalism. This is a way of thinking which attempts to hold on historical authorities, often the holy scriptures.‘

‚The aim [of our project] was to develop religious education so that the status of minorities can be reinforced, intercultural understanding created and a dialogue with other life views promoted, all with the aim of strengthening personal identity.‘

 

The keyword ‚identity‘ leads into the centre of the now deeply discussed search for the reasons of the behaviour of young people belonging to a minority. MARIUS C FELDERHOF in his essay on ‚Religious Education and Human Rights‘ among others comes to the conclusion:

 

‚Firstly, governments and the teaching profession would have to give serious regards to the rights of parents. Children have a right to an identity offered by the family, and the community from which they come. [...] Secondly, whilst religious (and other) differences may be the occasion for problems, they are not in themselves the problem. The failure is to value differences insufficiently. If they are to be valued, the different religious traditions must be accepted and offered public expression. [...] Educational institutions should be exploring ways in which diversity can be sustained, that is to say, to cultivate a policy of positive tolerance in which differences are valued and not simply ignored.‘

 

FELDERHOF in another essay on ‚Religious Education, Indoctrination and Freedom‘ consequently concludes:

 

‚Pupils will not have been religiously educated when they have not yet mastered the practices that could help them to exercise their free wills, e.g. to forgive and to be forgiven, or to love and to be loved. Whether in the end they make use of those practices in their everyday life may hinge on how they have come to understand themselves and their situation. Here it is not the religions that one should fear but the assumptions of the modern secular world.

 

In recent years, in Birmingham and other places in the Midlands Muslim parents and others stated that the Education Reform Act (ERA) of 1988

'failed to indicate a proper balance between the emphasis given to Christianity and that to other faiths.‘

The growing number of Muslim schools in Britain is one result of these feelings among the Muslim population. Increasing demands addressed to state schools are another outcome. In the Birchfield school in Birmingham parents have the right to choose for their children Islamic or multi-faith religious education. The Office of Standards in Education (OFSTED) gives in its 1997 inspection report the following evaluation.

‚Overall, the provision for religious education is good. The subject makes a good contribution to pupils‘ culture and social development and to spiritual development within the Islamic perspective.‘

The Islamia schools, sponsored by Yussuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens) had a very good record with OFSTED as well. One of the suspects for the attacks of the September 11 was Zacarias Moussaoui, son of Morokkan parents. He made in his school carrer a significant experience. He was a bright and eager pupil. Later he concluded his studies with a doctoral dissertation on international economic relationships. But when and why did he leave the path of western carreer? Originally he wanted to attend upper secondary school.

‚His mother, a naturalized French remembers in her Bungalow in Narbonne the words of a racist middle school teacher, words which hurt deeply the feelings of her son: «Zacharias should finish the middle school, what is good enough for an Arab.» This had created his hatred. Remembering this deprivation, after having met a pious niece and student of the Muslim brothers, he became an Islamist.‘

This attitude ‚Once Arab, ever Arab‘ burned in the heart of that boy. The experience drove him into the arm of the propagandists of hate and terrorism. This case is just one proof of Nils Holm’s integrated role theory.

‚The memory is not then a mechanical storage device. It contains ever-present forces which drive and displace experiences in different directions. Not least among these forces is the imagination. By means of the latter, in combination with memory, the individual creates an inner existence space for himself and his activity.‘

The young Muslim, in France regarded as ‚ever Arab‘, inherited from his experience in school a tremendous struggle in his inner existence space. The core stage of his personal life opened the play of hatred against his and all marginalized people’s oppressors.

 

OPENNESS AND RECONCILIATION

Experiences and Perspectives in Dealing with Religions

The 2002 Annual General Meeting and Conference of the European Association for World Religions in Education (EAWRE), held in the Orthodox Academy of Crete, 26 February - 1 March

This was the first conference of EAWRE on a Mediterranean island after its predecessors have been organized in Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The very special history of that island highlighted some particular feature of European history. Judaism, Islam and Christianity, in their different branches formed the life of former Cretian generations. The population experienced fame and suffering until the terrible time of the Second world war. Some of the traces of all this can be observed in places, buildings or even ruins or not the least well organized museums. A fascinating combination of the heritage from history and an appropriate response to present challenges is the Orthodox Academy of Crete (OAC), the work of its director general, Dr Alexandros Papaderos, and all staff. The activities include among others conferences, exhibitions, projects, economy, agriculture, youth work, caring for participants and a workshop of icons. The work of all these people with among others scientists, artists, sports representatives, educationalists and politicians from various nations and different religious and philosophical backgrounds looks indeed as an convincing answer to so many problems of humankind today.

The conference was opened with a reception by His Eminence Eirenaios, Metropolitan of Kisamos and Selinon, President and often inspiror of the Academy and Dr Papaderos, its Director General. The programme of the following days offered a well balanced rhythm of both, profound research and Greek features of interest for EAWRE’s aims. Examples of the former were Ritual studies from a Religio-Psychological Perspective by Professor Nils G Holm from Finland, or Research reports on schoolbook investigations (concerning the presentation of Christianity in countries with a Muslim majority and of Islam in those with a Christian majority) by Professor Johannes Lähnemann from Germany and Dr Georgios Tsakalidis from Greece. The Greek features were best represented through the introduction to the work of the Orthodox Academy by Dr Papaderos, a splendid presentation of the Greek education system and the place of world religions in it by Dr Eleni Boliaki, a historian from Crete, and a sensitively conducted tour of the Western part of the island of Crete by Dr Alex Spengler. And in addition the presentation of the programme ‚MELINA -Education and Culture‘. First committed teachers visited the work of the conference and presented examples of their nationwide programme of self organized learning with particular emphasis on the aesthetic dimension of learning. Then most of EAWRE’s participants visited the school of these teachers and took part in an in service training course, and met the representative and co-ordinator the ‚MELINA project‘ in the Ministry of Education & Religious Affairs, Mr Nikos Paizis. Learning by doing in the literal sense!

The conference, jointly prepared by the board of EAWRE and the director of the Office of Religious Education and Audiovisuals in Wolfenbüttel, Dr Hans-Georg Babke, met already in the topics mentioned above its special concern, namely world religions in education. The close co-operation with the Council of Europe was focussed in some particular sessions. Since the September 11 the political class shows more openness than before for the subject of diverse cultures and religions. EAWRE is prepared to contribute. The planned extension of presentations concerning this topic via the internet, fascinatingly presented by Dr Johan Valstar and Dr Wim Westerman, both from the Netherlands, was welcomed by all participants from the different parts of Europe. The close co-operation with colleagues from Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam and Christianity means certain solidity for these activities. Reports on the present situation of the teaching about world religions in Austria, Berlin-Brandenburg with peculiar facettes of the German situation, France, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom highlithed rather common concern than diversities. The brandnew publication of EAWRE ‚Religious Education, Europe and Young People‘, edited by Roger B Howarth, Inspector in East Sussex, underlined the urgency of the task and examples of what EAWRE as organization has on offer.

Only through the co-operation between experts and practicioners from the different religions and world views and from the background of various nations the challenge Europe is facing these days can be met. This was not only a result but at the same an obligation for future work of EAWRE.

 

DAS PROJEKT „MELINA - BILDUNG UND KULTUR“ UND DER EUROPÄISCHE UNTERRICHT ÜBER WELTRELIGIONEN

Melina - Griechenlands Grundschulen vor einem neuen Aufbruch

Landesweit wurde in den vergangenen Jahren für die griechischen Grundchulen, also für die sechs bis elf/zwölf Jahre alten Kinder, ein neues Programm entwickelt. In allen Schulfächern aller Schulstufen werden Angebote für selbstorganisiertes Lernen gemacht. Oberstes Ziel, das „Lernen soll Spaß machen“, so der Koordinator des Projekts im Athener Ministerium, Nikos Paizis. Pädagoginnen und Pädagogen, Religionswissenschaftler und Historiker aus Deutsch-land, Finnland, Frankreich, Griechenland, Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Österreich, Schweden und Ungarn haben die begeisterten Lehrerinnen und Lehrer der 8. Volksschule der westkretischen Stadt Chania mehrfach getroffen und das MELINA-Projekt kennengelernt. Ob in Geschichte, Mathematik oder dem Sprachunterricht, die Kinder dieser Schule erkunden die Wirkung von Farben, z.B. beim Malen oder Übermalen selbstgewählter oder kopierter Motive, die Kraft der Töne, z.B. in der menschlichen Stimme durch Rekorderaufnahmen in Kleingruppen, die Ausstrahlung von Bewegungen, zum Beispiel im Tanz und die Begegnung von Einzelnen in der Gemeinschaft beim Singen.

Mehr als zehn Lehrkräfte des Projektes besuchten ihre Kolleginnen und Kollegen von nord-, west- und mitteleuropäischen Hochschulen und Universitäten in der etwa 50 Kilometer von Chania entfernten Orthodoxen Akademie von Kreta. Ein Funke sprang über in der Begegnung und beim Studium des Programms. Beim anschließenden Essen sang man gemeinsam griechische Lieder, auch das Lied „Ein Schiff wird kommen“, mit dem die Schauspielerin Melina Merkouri weltberühmt geworden war. Später hat sie ihrem Land als Kultusministerin und Botschafterin in aller Welt gedient. In dem nach ihr benannten Projekt werden Bildung und Erziehung so organisiert, wie die früh verstorbene Melina sich diese erträumt hatte.

Zwei Tage später besuchten die Tagungsteilnehmer jene Schule in der Bezirkshauptstadt. Sie nahmen an einem Fortbildungstag teil, verteilten sich je zu zweit auf verschiedene Arbeitsgruppen. Nur was jemand selbst erprobt hat, kann sie oder er auch Kindern weitergeben. Also waren Schauspieler, Künstler und andere Fachkräfte die Dozentinnen und Dozenten des Kollegiums. Dieses lud die Besucher als Gäste zum Mittagessen ein, eine gute Gelegenheit zum Gedankenaustausch über die Erfahrungen in den Gruppen.

Alle diese Damen und Herren waren zur Tagung der EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR WORLD RELIGIONS IN EDUCATION (EAWRE) nach Kreta gekommen. Der Vorstand der Association hatte zusammen mit Dr. Hans-Georg Babke vom Amt für Religionspädagogik und Medienarbeit (ARP&M) und seinem Vorgänger Professor Manfred Kwiran, zugleich stellvertretender Vorsitzender der EAWRE, das Programm vorbereitet.

Feldstudien, Grundlagenarbeit und europäische Perspektiven

EAWRE veranstaltet jedes Jahr eine solche Tagung, jeweils in einem anderen Mitgliedsland. Dazu gehören Feldstudien vor Ort. Vom 26. Februar bis 3. März 2002 in Griechenland waren Feldstudien u.a. dem Melina-Projekt, einer Ikonenwerkstatt, einem europäischen Jugend-zentrum und der jüdischen und türkischen Geschichte auf Kreta gewidmet. Grundlagenarbeit wurde z.B. in dem psychologischen Studium religiöser Riten, der Untersuchung von Schulbüchern auf die Darstellung religiöser Minderheiten, z.B. in der Türkei und in Griechenland oder der Bestimmung pädagogischer Folgerungen aus den Attentaten in New York und Washington durchgeführt. Die verschiedenen Religionen entwickeln bis heute immer wieder eigene didaktische Ansätze, um Kinder und Jugendliche zu einem gedeihlichen Zusammenleben mit Menschen anderer Überzeugungen anzuleiten. Das muslimische Institut für Internationale Pädagogik und Didaktik (IPD) in Köln ist ein interessantes Beispiel für solche Bemühungen. Die Orthodoxe Akademie auf Kreta (OAK), wo die hier beschriebene Tagung stattfand, ist beim Entwickeln didaktischer Ideen besonders kreativ. Die Schulsysteme der europäischen Länder beinhalten sehr verschiedene rechtliche Bestimmungen für den Unterricht über Religionen - übrigens nicht nur im Religionsunterricht, sondern auch in Geschichte, Geographie oder Kunst. Bei der Tagung auf Kreta standen die Beispiele von Berlin-Brandenburg mit der Auseinandersetzung zwischen Religionsunterricht und LER, Frankreich, wo es seit einem Jahrhundert keine Religion in der Schule gibt, Großbritannien mit einem Unterricht für Schülerinnen und Schüler jedes und sogar keines Bekenntnisses sowie aus dem offenen Unterricht in Schweden im Vordergrund, in dem die sozial- und humanorientierenden Fächer miteinander integriert sind..

Schließlich stand Europa in Kreta auf der Tagesordnung. Die EAWRE hat seit langen Jahren Arbeitskontakte mit dem Europarat in Strasbourg, in dem fast 50 europäische Länder zusammenarbeiten. Die website der Organisation hat dort einen guten Ruf, nicht zuletzt durch ihren Kalender der religiösen Feste von acht Religionen, der allen zugänglich ist - e-mail: www.eawre.org. Von da aus können weitere Informationen, Literaturhinweise, Listen von Unterrichtsmaterial, u.a. ‚angeklickt‘ werden. Faszinierende Weiterentwicklungen dieser website wurden in Kreta vorgestellt und beschlossen. Seit kurzem hat der Europarat eine spezielle Abteilung für Fragen der Religion in der Erziehung eingerichtet. Diese und EAWRE sind gleichsam für einander geschaffen. Das französische EAWRE-Mitglied, Dr. Roger Foehrlé, hat mit Besuchen bei dem Abteilungsleiter, Mr James Wimberley, ein engeres Zusammenwirken vorbereitet. Der Vorsitzende von EAWRE, Dr. Herbert Schultze, wurde nach ausführlicher Beratung eines Grundsatzpapiers von Herrn Wimberley beauftragt, beim Europarat die Jahrestagung 2003 in Strasbourg vorzubereiten. Schon lange wandern Lebensmittel, Schreibwaren, Kleidungen ständig über die Grenzen der Länder Europas. Die Staaten von Euroland haben nun eine gemeinsame Währung. Andere werden folgen. Es ist Zeit, dass Religion in der Erziehung nicht länger in nationalem Provinzialismus gehegt wird.

Rechtgläubigkeit, Bildungsarbeit und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung

Die Tagung auf Kreta hatte mit einem eindrucksvollen Ereignis begonnen. Seine Eminenz Irenäus, Metropolit von Kissamos und Selinon, Präsident der Orthodoxen Akademie, hatte die Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer empfangen. Dieser außerordentlich rüstige und einfallsreiche Bischof, mit 91 Jahren voll im Amt, hat die Arbeit der Akademie immer wieder inspiriert. Die Orthodoxe Kirche ist vor allem eine Kirche der feierlichen Liturgie. Die Schriften der Kirchenväter aus dem ersten Jahrtausend sind bis heute für die Lehre maßgebend. Die Akademie dieser Kirche aber versammelt die Weltelite des Sports und der Olympischen Bewegung in ihren Räumen, die Spitzen von Naturwissenschaft und Medizin aus der ganzen Welt, aber auch junge und erwachsene Menschen von der Insel und vom griechischen Festland zu beruflicher Fortbildung. Der Generaldirektor der Akademie, Dr. Alexandros Papaderos, ist ein profund gebildeter, realistisch denkender und zupackend handelnder genialer Kommunikator. Dr. Alex Spengler, der ihm zusammen mit einem engagierten Team zur Seite steht, ist ebenso gründlich informiert wie zu jedem Gespräch bereit und humorvoll offen. Bischof Irenäus war ein Vorbild des Widerstandes gegen die Militärjunta in der jüngeren griechischen Geschichte. Er hat für 10 Jahre als der Seelsorger griechischer Gastarbeiter in Deutschland gearbeitet. Zahlreiche landwirtschaftliche Reformprojekte, z.B. die Züchtung einer neuen Olive, die Verwandlung eines wüsten Küstenabschnitts in eine fruchtbare Pflanzstätte für Früchte mit guter Handelsqualität, auf Kreta gehen auf seine Anregung zurück. Die fünf großen Schiffe der ANEK-Reederei, die täglich die Insel und das Festland verbinden, werden professionell im ‚top‘-Stil von einer Genossenschaft von Anteilseignern von der Insel betrieben. Als vor Jahren ein schäbiges Schiff eines profitgierigen Eigners unterging, was etliche Menschenleben kostete, empfahl Bischof Irenäus der Inselbevölkerung die Dinge in die eigene Hand zu nehmen. Mit gutem Erfolg.

Dieser Mann, diese Kirche, diese freundlichen, für andere Religionen offenen Menschen der Insel Kreta, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg - nicht zuletzt von Deutschen - entsetzliche Leiden erfahren haben, um daraus Gastlichkeit und Offenheit für andere zu entwickeln, überraschen den Besucher ständig von Neuem. Die Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer der EAWRE Jahrestagung 2002 nahmen deshalb ein Angebot des Generaldirektors der Akademie gern an. Sie haben als erste Tagung der Akademie einen Appell unterstützt, der für die Dauer der kommenden Olympischen Spiele in Griechenland jeden Krieg bannen will.

Wim Westerman, Amsterdam/Niederlande Herbert Schultze, Hamburg

   

INTERKULTURELLLER UND INTERRELIGIÖSER DIALOG
„Pluralismus innerhalb vorgegebener Einheit“

Eine von EAWRE und ARPM organisierte Tagung antwortet aktuellen Herausforderungen

Überlegunngen von Gabriele Tscherpel, Ulf Gutowski, Herbert Schultze und Wim Westerman

Zuweilen fallen dunkle Schatten eines tragischen und gefährlichen Dilemmas auf einzelne Menschen oder gar die gesamte Menschheit. Dann ist eine zweifache Antwort geboten. Das kann am Beispiel des 11. September und der politischen Reaktionen auf jenes Desaster erläutert werden. Eine Reaktion war, was zuerst der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten und später viele Menschen in der Welt Krieg gegen Terror nannten. Aber dies konnte und kann nur eine kurzfristige Antwort sein. Sie ist gerechtfertigt, wenn es z.B. gilt, den Opfern jenes Überfalls zu helfen oder gefährdete Gebiete gegen weitere Aggressionen zu schützen.

Doch zusätzlich zu solcher kurzfristigen Antwort, besteht die dringendere Notwendigkeit einer langfristigen Antwort. Eine friedliche Zukunft und ein kreatives Zusammenleben von Bürgern und Zuwanderern, die jede und jeder verschiedene Kulturen und Religionen vertreten, können Ziele einer langfristigen Antwort sein. Obwohl möglicherweise manchmal Krieg und Gewalt, wegen der Gegebenheiten, angewendet werden müssen, dienen diese immer nur kurzfristigen Zwecken, z.B. um mörderischen Aktionen Einhalt zu gebieten.

Politikerinnen und Politiker, die ihre Ländern im Europarat (CE) vertreten, haben kürzlich mit einem Beschluss ein eindrucksvolles Beispiel für eine langfristige Antwort auf die Herausforderungen durch verschiedene Kulturen und Religionen gegeben. JAMES WIMBERLEY, designierter Direktor der Europarat-Abteilung für Bildungspolitik und europäische Dimension, stellte faszinierende Einzelheiten eines Zweijahres-Projekts des Europarates vor. In diesem Projekt werden vielversprechende didaktische Ansätze aufgenom-men, u.a. die Struktur der Citizenship Education in Großbritannien, der offene Unterrichts-ansatz über Religionen und Weltanschauungen in Norwegen. Zugleich werden in dem Projekt des Europarates Programme zur Entwicklung der Fähigkeiten von Kindern und Jugendlichen für den interreligiösen Dialog im Rahmen interkultureller Bildung entwickelt.

Herr WIMBERLEY erläuterte dies in seinem Eröffnungsvortrag zu der Tagung „Interkultu-reller und interreligiöser Dialog“, die vom 7. Bis 11. Oktober in Goslar stattfand. Während der Schlusssitzung dieser Tagung wurde die Differenzierung zwischen kurzfristigen und langfristigen Reaktionen von Professor RAVINDRA DAVE eingebracht, der lange Jahre für Projekte der UNO und der UNESCO verantwortlich war und heute Curriculumberater der indischen Unionsregierung ist. Professor DAVE bezog sich mit diesem Vorschlag auf die Arbeit einer Woche mit Vorträgen, Diskussionen und Workshops. Die Erfahrung der European Association for World Religions in Education (EAWRE) als einer Nichtregierungs-organisation (NGO) und die Beobachtung täglicher Unterrichtspraxis durch das Amt für Religionspädagogik und Medienarbeit in Wolfenbüttel wirkten bei der genannten Tagung zu-sammen. So konnten Lehrerinnen und Lehrer von verschiedenen Schulformen die Bedingungen, Chancen und Hindernisse, für den interkulturellen Dialog und pädagogische Hilfen für die Vorbereitung dieses Dialogs erkunden.

In den Workshops der Tagung prüften Teilnemerinnen und Teilnehmer Unterrichtsansätze, die Kindern und Jugendlichen helfen sollen, die Begegnung und den Dialog zwischen unter-schiedlichen Menschen und Gruppen Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen. Pädagogen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, der Türkei und Großbritannien beschrieben die Situation innerhalb und zwischen religiösen (und nicht-religiösen) Gruppen in ihren Ländern. Sie stellten Dokumente der Konfrontation und des Dialogs vor. Die Teilnehmenden arbeiteten an diesen Vorlagen. Der Hintergrund der dokumentierten Vorgänge kann so vielfältig und verschieden sein wie die Gesellschaften in den genannten Ländern. Die allgemeine Struktur schulischer Bildung in diesen Ländern wurde ebenso diskutiert wie die Stellung des Religionsunterrichts in der Schule.

Wie eine Reise wurde der Wechsel von dem Workshop über ein Land zu einem über ein anderes Land empfunden. Mit dem Wechsel wurden neue politische Verhältnisse wahrgenommen und andere Wege des Lehrens und Lernens erkannt. Der Vergleich mit der eigenen Unterrichtspaxis der Teilnehmenden warf ein neues Licht auf das, was Kollegen von anderswo mitteilten. Die Arbeitsweise in den Workshops differenzierte die Wahrnehmung jener Länder noch einmal. Einer der Workshopleiter erläuterte Strukturelles mit Hilfe des Overheadprojektors. Ein anderer gab mit einem Video Einblick in die Praxis in der Schulklasse. Ein dritter brachte die spielerische Gestaltung einer bestimmten Tradition als Beispiel. Wieder einer interpretierte ein interreligiöses Dokument, das eine eindrucksvolle Zahl religiöser Führer unterzeichnet hatte. Alle zogen aus ihren verschiedenen Erkundungsmethoden die jeweiligen Folgerungen für den Schulunterricht.

Die Workshops waren, wie bereits bemerkt, ein Teil der Tagung. Den anderen bildeten Vorträge über grundsätzliche Aspekte des interreligiösen Dialogs. Die Vortragenden kamen aus verschiedenen Fachbereichen und Forschungseinheiten von - meistens deutschen - Uni-versitäten. Indische, niederländische, schwedische und türkische Universitäten waren ebenfalls vertreten. Die erwähnten Vorträge untersuchten die Dimensionen des Dialogs von vielfältigen Disziplinen und Sichtweisen aus: Philosophie, Religionswissenschaft, Theologie, Ethnologie, Hinduismus, Islam, (Evangelischem) Christentum. Man konnte allgemein von zwei alternativen Richtungen dieser Beiträge sprechen. Das tat HANS-GEORG BABKE, wenn er das Konzept der Einheit, illustriert am Philosophieprofessor WOLFGANG KLUXEN, Bonn, dem Konzept des Pluralismus, illustriert am Privatdozent der Üphilosophie DIETER MERSCH, Kiel, gegenüberstellte. Er lehnte das Einheitskonzept ab, weil es alles ‚über einem Kamm scheert‘. Deshalb wird es den jeweiligen Überzeugungen einer bestimmten Wissenschaft, oder einer religiösen Gemeinschaft oder gesellschaftlichen Gruppe nicht gerecht. Doch zugleich stellte BABKE die Frage, ob das Pluralismus-Konzept nicht eher zu einem ‚anything goes‘, einer willkürlichen Perspektive führen müsste.

Dies war der Augenblick für RAVINDRA DAVE, eine Übereinkunft vorzuschlagen. Er begann mit einer typischen Hindu-Überzeugung, nämlich der Einheit der gesamten Menschheit mit universalen Verbindungen zu jedem Bereich des Kosmos. Er antwortete auf die gegebene Herausforderung mit der Ablehnung jeder der beiden Perspektiven: nicht einfach Einheit; und schon gar nicht bloß Pluralismus; doch Pluralismus innerhalb vorgegebener Einheit. Die Verschiedenheit ist eines der Merkmale der menschlichen Rasse. Keine Menschheit ohne Verschiedenheit. Jedes menschliche Wesen unterscheidet sich von ihrem oder seinem Mitmenschen. Das bedeutet, dass das Einheitskonzept den Pluralismus der Verschiedenartigkeit nicht nur beinhalten kann, sondern sogar muss. Und jede denkbare Variante des Pluralismuskonzepts muss mit der grundsätzlichen Einheit des Menschengeschlechts rechnen. Bei diesem Aspekt trat auch die Bedeutung der ethnologischen

Dimension des Themas ins Licht, die Professor CHRISTIANA LÜTKES, Osnabrück, an einem Forschungsprojekt eingebracht hatte.

Die von DAVE vorgeschlagene Übereinkunft wurde von den meisten, wenn nicht allen, Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern akzeptiert. Diese Zustimmung wurde in sich selbst eine Übung und ein Modell des interkulturellen und/oder interreligiösen Dialogs. Die Tatsache, dass Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer aus verschiedenen Ländern sowie aus unterschied-lichen Religionen zu diesem Ergebnissen beigetragen hatten, verhütete abstrakte und blutleere Formeln, die oft das Bild am Ende internationaler Tagungen zu beherrschen pflegen. Nicht eine der realen Spannungen zwischen verschiedenen Überzeugungen und Lebensstilen wurde in Goslar geleugnet. Sie wurden eher offensichtlich, setzten jedoch anspornende und inspirierende Potenziale frei. Sie wurden auch nicht zu jenem, meistens sinnleeren, Synkretismus vermengt, welcher nicht selten von Idealisten interreligiöser Begegnung propagiert wird.

Von der Fachgruppe Evangelische Theologie der Universität Essen haben GABRIELE TSCHERPEL, ULF GUTOWSKI und HERBERT SCHULTZE an der Tagung in Goslar teilgenommen. Sie haben u.a. das Vorbereitungsmaterial erarbeitet, die Vorgänge in den Workshops begleitet und ausgewertet und den Leitfaden für die Veröffentlichung vorbereitet. Dr WIM WESTERMAN von der Freien Universität Amsterdam, verschiedentlich Gastdozent in Essen, hat die Arbeit am Leitfaden beraten.

Eine Reihe interessanter, nationaler Situationen des interreligiösen Dialogs wurden für einen vorbereitenden Leitfaden ausgewertet. Die Workshopleiter aus verschiedenen Ländern haben diese Auswertungen um weitere Daten und Beispiele ergänzt. So stand am Ende der Goslarer Tagung ein auf den neuen Stand gebrachter Überblick.

Eine revidierte Fassung des Leitfadens, unter dem Titel „Verschiedene Religionen in einer Gesellschaft. Die Antwort: Dialog“ sowie eine Sammlung der Vorträge von Goslar werden bald zugänglich sein. Letztere wird unter Federführung des ARPM in deutscher Sprache veröffentlicht werden. Einige der Vorträge werden in den nächsten EAWRE-Publikationen in Englisch enthalten sein.

Der Leitfaden wird im Herbst 2002 in zwei Fassungen erhältlich sein, einer englischen und einer deutschen. So werden die theoretischen und praktischen Ergebnisse der Goslarer Tagung von EAWRE und ARPM zugänglich sein.

   

INTERCULTURAL AND INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE

‚Pluralism within Basic Unity‘

A conference organized by EAWRE and ARP&M responded to current challenges

Reflections by Gabriele Tscherpel, Ulf Gutowski, Herbert Schultze and Wim Westerman

Sometimes dark shadows of a tragic and dangerous dilemma cast upon human beings or humankind. Then a twofold response has to be given. This can be explained with September 11 and the political reactions to that desaster. One reaction was what at first the President of the United States and later many people in the world called war on terrorism. But this could and can just be a short range action. It is justified if aimed for example at helping victims of the attacks of September 11 and protecting sensible areas against further aggression.

But in addition to such short range response, there is much more need for a long range reaction. The establishment of a peaceful future and a creative living together of citizens and people from abroad, who represent each diverse cultures and religions, could be the aims of such long term response. Although sometimes, because of the circumstances, war and violence possibly have to be used , this will serve only short term purposes as to stop murderous action.

Recently politicians representing their countries in the Council of Europe (CE) decided on an impressive example of a long term response to the current challenges by the diversity of cultures and religions. JAMES WIMBERLEY, director designate of the educational policies and European dimensions division of the CE presented exciting details of a two years project on the Council of Europe. This project will take up promising didactical approaches from various countries, the citizenship education design in the U.K., the open approach of teaching about religions and world views in Norway and others. At the same time the Council of Europe’s project will elaborate schemes for developing skills for interreligious dialogue within intercultural education.

Mr WIMBERLEY explained this in his key note lecture to a teachers‘ conference on ‚Intercultural and interreligious dialogue‘, held 7-11 October in Goslar near Hannover. During the closing session of the mentioned conference the differentiation between short term and long term reaction was suggested by Professor RAVINDRA DAVE, for years responsible for United Nations and UNESCO activities. Professor DAVE responded with his statement to a week’s work of lectures, discussions and workshops. The experience of the European Association for World Religions in Education (EAWRE) as a NGO and the observation of every day teaching practice by the Office of Religious Pedagogy and Audiovisuals (ARP&M) worked together in the mentioned conference. Thus participants could explore the conditions, opportunities and hindrances, for intercultural dialogue and educational means for it.

The teachers, taking part in the workshops of the conference, scrutinized ways of school education to enable children and young people to make encounter and dialogue between diverse individuals and groups real. Educationalists from The Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom described the situation within and between religious (and non-religious) groups in their countries. They presented documents of confrontation as well as dialogue. The background of this information was as different as the societies of the named nations. The general design of school education in the countries mentioned was explained. The position of the subject of Religious Education within the schools was discussed as well.

The way from a workshop on one country to that of another country could be experienced like a journey. New political circumstances were recognized, other ways of teaching and learning appeared. Comparison with the own teaching practice of the participants in a school of Lower Saxony cast a different light on what the colleague from abroad had shared. The modes of working in the workshops differentiated the recognition of those countries again. Some of the workshop leaders explained a structure with the overhead projector. Another one showed classroom practice on video tape. A third one interpreted an interreligious document signed by an impressive number of religious leaders. All of them drew consequences for the teaching in school from their different modes of exploration.

The workshops, as already said, were just one part of the conference. The other was formed by lectures on principal aspects of interreligious dialogue. These lecturers came from different departments and research units of - mostly German - universities. Indian, Swedish and Turkish, universities were also represented. The mentioned lecturers investigated the dimensions of dialogue from various disciplines or points of view: philosophy, religious science, Hinduism, Islam, (Protestant) Christianity, ethnography. One could generally speak of two alternative directions of these contributions. This did HANS-GEORG BABKE, emphasizing the basic concept of unity and that of pluralism. He refused the unity-concept because it doen’t do justice to the individual philosophies of a certain discipline, religious community or group in society. But he at the same time raised the question whether the pluralism-concept would only lead to a ‚anything goes‘- deliberate perspective.

This was the moment for RAVINDRA DAVE to suggest a way of agreement. He started with a typical Hindu conviction, namely the unity of all humankind with universal links to every part of the cosmos. He responded with refusal of the two perspectives: not just unity; and not at all just pluralism; but pluralism within basic unity. Diversity is one of the characteristics of the human race. No humanity without diversity. Every human being is divers from her or his fellow human being. This means that the unity-concept not only can but has to include the pluralism of diversity. And what ever variant of the pluralism-concept must take into account the principal unity of humankind.

This agreement was accepted by most, if not all, participants. This consent in itself became an exercise and model of intercultural and/or interreligious dialogue. The fact that participants from different countries as well as from different religions contributed to this result, prevented the abstract and bloodless formulas which are often used to dominate the picture at the end of international conferences. Not a single of the real tensions between different convictions and ways of life has been hidden in Goslar. They became rather obvious but set out inciting and inspiring potentials. Nor were they mingled to that most useless syncretism which not seldom is propagated by idealists of interreligious encounter.

A number of insteresting national situations of intercultural dialogue had been evaluated for a preparatory manual. The workshop leaders from different countries completed these evaluations with more data and other examples. Therefore a really up-dated overview stood at the end of the Goslar conference.

Both a revised version of the manual, entitled ,Religious Diversity at Home in Various Countries. The Respone: Dialogue‘, and a collection of the lectures of Goslar will be soon available. The latter will be published under th auspices of ARP&M in German. A few of them will be included in one of the forthcoming EAWRE pubkications in English.

The manual will be available in two versions, an English and a German one, in autumn 2002. Insofar there are theoretical and practical outcomes of the Goslar conference of EAWRE and ARP&M. The co-operation between a European organization and a regional institute, in contact and with contributions from diverse positions and perspectives can be called a success.

How to order proceedings and documents of the Goslar comnference of EAWRE and ARP&M?

The EAWRE manual 'Religious Diversity at Home in Various Countries' can be ordered at the price of € 8.50 (including p&p) from Dr Wim Westerman, EAWRE Secretariat, , Molenveltlaan 21, NL 2071 BR Santpoort, THE NETHERLANDS. Payment by cheque or bank draft to Wolfgang Sonn, EAWRE Treasurer (account: 268393754 Postbank Karlsruhe, Germany, BLZ 66010075). The German version 'Viele Religionen leben in einer Gesellschaft. Die Antwort: Dialog' may be ordered by the same way or from EAWRE’s chair, Dr Herbert Schultze, Tangstedter Landstrasse 32B, D-22415 Hamburg.

The German edition of the lectures can be ordered probably in Spring 2003 from ARPM, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Strasse 1, D-38300 Wolfenbüttel. Information about the price of this publication will be given in a few months time by ARPM or its director, Dr Hans-Georg Babke, address as above.

The publication of lectures to the Goslar conference in English will be announced in the usual EAWRE leaflet, automatically sent to EAWRE members and associate members.